![]() ![]() Elucidating structural and molecular aspects of photoreceptors in light perception is necessary in understanding light sensing and downstream signal transduction. The following includes brief introductions of these reviews and articles.Īnalyses of photoresponses at the molecular level are necessary to understand complete mechanisms for light signaling in plants. ![]() In this JPR symposium issue, we also emphasize the diversity of photoresponses in algae with unique light responses compared to higher plants. The articles discuss evolution of photoreceptors, the diverse functions and properties of plant photoreceptors and signaling mechanisms. In this issue of JPR symposium entitled “The cutting edge of photoresponse mechanisms: photoreceptor and signaling mechanism”, we present six reviews and two original papers covering a broad range of research topics from photoperception to light responses. We thus aim to share the latest data and knowledge, revisit light signaling discoveries and identify future goals at this JPR symposium. However, the overall signaling mechanism remains undiscovered in many fields. ![]() This research field is still prosperous and technical advances in genomics, biology, biochemistry, and biophysics have shed light on the knowledge of molecular mechanisms. The molecular mechanisms underlying light perception and the downstream signaling pathways that regulate diverse physiological responses have been intensively challenged for several decades. Plant photobiology has been receiving attention for long time from plant biologists. In algae, not only major photoreceptors such as phy, cry, phot but also aureochrome (aureo) and opsin were identified by recent genomic studies (Kianianmomeni and Hallmann 2014). In addition, a chimeric photoreceptor kinase, neochrome, which has both GAF and LOV domains, acts as a red/far-red and a blue light sensor for phototropic response and chloroplast movement in Adiantum capillus- veneris (Kawai et al. UVR8 also induces changes in gene expression for UV-protection. UV-B absorption induces structural change from a homodimer to two active monomers, which leads to a crucial interaction with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), acclimation and UV-B tolerance, and hypocotyl growth inhibition (Jenkins 2014). UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) is a UV-B light receptor recently identified which uses tryptophan residues as a chromophore (Jenkins 2014). ZEITLUPE (ZTL), FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX1 (FKF1) and LOV KELCH PROTEIN2 (LKP2) group proteins are blue light sensors that have LOV, F-box and Kelch-repeat domains and form signaling complexes with factors involved in the regulation of the circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering (Zoltowski and Imaizumi 2014). Phot mediates differential cell growth in the phototropic response via biased auxin distribution, chloroplast photorelocation movement, stomatal opening, and leaf flattening, all of which are necessary to optimize photosynthetic ability (Christie et al. Phot is a blue light-dependent ser/thr kinase and triggers the phospho-signaling pathway. Cry also regulates transcription and mediates various blue light responses including inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, photoperiodic control of floral initiation, circadian rhythms, etc. Recently, it was identified that phy also regulates alternative splicing (Shikata et al. Phys are involved in germination, de-etiolation, shade-avoidance responses and so on. In Arabidopsis, phy mediates regulation of transcription by forming a complex with a family of phytochrome–interacting factor (PIF) in a red/far-red light dependent manner. ![]()
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